Source: – @Aabhas24 / Twitter.
2/n Many of the so-called Muslim conquests were mere raids which succeeded initially but the impact of which did not last for long. pic.twitter.com/YN8iWq9Z3p
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
3/n The account which Assam, Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Orissa, Telingana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and the Punjab gave of themselves in successive waves of resistance and recovery, has not many parallels in human history. pic.twitter.com/KQQkfvSAYB
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
4/n It is, therefore, a travesty of truth to say that Islam enjoyed an empire in India for six centuries. What happened really was that Islam struggled for six centuries to conquer India for good, but failed in the final round in the face of stiff and continued Hindu resistance.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
5/n Hali was not at all wrong when he mourned that the invincible armada of Hijaz which had swept over so many seas and rivers met its watery grave in the Ganges. Iqbal also wrote his Shikwah in sorrowful remembrance of the same failure. pic.twitter.com/G2xDv73nqw
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
6/n In fact, there is no dearth of Muslim poets and politicians who weep over the defeat of Islam in India in the past, and who look forward to a reconquest of India in the future.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
7/n Hindus have survived as a majority in their motherland not because Islam spared any effort to conquer and convert them but because Islamic brutality met more than its equal in Hindu tenacity for freedom. pic.twitter.com/bgw3doZb0N
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
8/n Let me tell you โMUSLIM INVASIONS WERE NO WALK-OVERโ
1.)Within 8 years of the Prophetโs death, the Muslims had conquered Persia, Syria, and Egypt. By 650 AD, they had advanced upto the Oxus and the Hindu Kush. Between 640 & 709 AD they had reduced the whole of North Africa. pic.twitter.com/JT2ygDEnlP
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
9/n They had conquered Spain in 711 AD. But it took them 70 long years to secure their first foothold on the soil of India.
2) By the middle of the 8th century they controlled only the highly garrisoned cities of Multan and Mansurah.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
10/n Their plight in Multan is described by AI Kazwin in Asr-ul-Bilรฃd in the following words:The infidels have a large temple with a great idol.The houses of the devotees are around the temple & there are no idol worshippers in Multan besides those who dwell in those precincts.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
11/n The ruler of Multan doesnโt abolish this idol because he takes the large offerings which are brought to it. When the Indians make an attack upon the town,the Muslims bring out the idol, & when the infidels see it about to be broken or burnt, they retire.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
12/n ๐๐ผSo much for Islamic monotheism of the Arabs and their military might.
3)Muslim historians have floated two myths about Mahmud Ghaznavi who had succeeded his father, Subuktigin in AD 997, & who became famous for his 12 or, according to another count, 17 invasions of India. pic.twitter.com/bPIaQRCOVL
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
13/n Now read something interesting:
The first myth is that he was interested primarily in demolishing Hindu temples, breaking Hindu idols, capturing prisoners of war, and amassing wealth by plunder, and that he did not harbour any serious intention of building an empire in India— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
14/n But the very fact that he had annexed to his empire โ spread over Khorasan, Iran, Iraq, and most of Central Asia โ the Shahiya domain in the North-West and the Punjab as also Multan, which was a Muslim principality at that time.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
15/n This goes to prove that he would not have hesitated in doing the same to other parts of northern and western India, had he found it feasible. He failed in this design not because he lacked the intention but because he met a very stiff resistance in these parts.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
16/n It is true that his superior military might and skill as a commander succeeded in defeating, in the initial encounters, most of the Hindu princes he met on the field of battle.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
17/n But the rising tide of resistance in the wake of every victory threatened to engulf him soon after, with the result that he had to content himself with plunder and prisoners of war, and relinquish the coveted territories.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
18/n The second myth, which has been built up to bolster the first, presents India as if it was an open country which he could enter and leave as and when he pleased.
4) Now read How Mahmud of Ghaznavi was tormented :
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
19/n a)Mahmud led his 1st invasion against the Shahiyas of Udbhandapur in AD1001 when he advanced upon Peshawar.Raja Jayapala was caught unawares & could not mobilise all his forces in time.The lack of a standing army was to prove the undoing of many Hindu princes in days to come
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
20/n In contrast, the Muslim militarists always maintained their armed hordes in a permanent state of mobilisation.
b)Mahmud invaded India again in AD 1008. According to Firishta, Anandapala sent ambassadors on all sides inviting assistance of other princes of Hindustan.— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
21/n They now considered the expulsion of Mohammadans from India as a sacred duty. Accordingly the Rajas of Ujjain,Gwalior,Kalinjar, Kanauj,Delhi & Ajmer entered into a confederacy and collecting their forces advanced towards Punjab.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
22/n The Hindu women, on this occasion, sold their jewels and melted down their gold ornaments to furnish resources for the war. Mahmud ordered six thousand archers to the front to endeavour to provoke the enemy to attack his entrenchments.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
23/n The Khokhars penetrated into Mohammadan lines where a dreadful carnage ensued and 5000 Mohammadans in a few minutes were slain. Utbi admits that the battle lasted from morning till evening and the infidels were near gaining victory.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
24/n Firishta reports that Mahmud saw his plight and sent some of his elite warriors to attack the elephant on which Anandapala was sitting and directing the contest. The elephant took fright from the naptha balls and flights of arrows and turned and fled.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
25/n Iโll continue to explain how Hindus gave blue nose to the Islamic Invaders. @SAARIYAS donโt respond until thread reaches n/n . Cc @RatanSharda55 @mini_707070
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
26/n contd from 24/n
… That broke the morale of the Hindu army. It was neither the 1st nor the last occasion on which the Hindu army became an uncontrollable rabble & suffered defeat & slaughter simply bcoz the elephant carrying its commander turned tail.— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
27/n c)The Shahiyas continued to fight battles and kings like Trilochanapala terrified the invaders. However, they lost when they were drawn into the plains.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
28/n d) The Shahiya king with his son, Bhimapala (known as Nidar Bhima), now established a new seat at Lohara on the border of Kashmir. Mahmud tried to storm it in AD 1015. Firishta tells us that this was the first disaster that the Sultan suffered in his campaigns against India.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
29/n After some days he extricated himself with great difficulty from his peril, and reached Ghazni without having achieved any success.
e)The next Hindu dynasty to offer resolute resistance to Mahmud Ghaznavi was that of the Chandellas of Kalanjar and Khajuraho.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
30/n The Chandella contemporary of Mahmud was Raja Vidyadhara. The Ghaznavi marched against Vidyadhara in AD 1018. Mahmud ascended an elevated spot to survey the Hindu host.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
31/n According to Nizamuddin Ahmad, a medieval historian, Then when he saw what a vast host it was, he repented of his coming and, placing the forehead of supplication on the ground of submission and humility, prayed for victory.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
32/n Fortunately for him, the Hindus did not engage him in battle immediately; they made a strategic retreat. Mahmud also promptly set out for Ghazni. He had obtained neither plunder, nor prisoners of war. Hindus could have destroyed him had they pursued him in his retreat.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
33/n But that was a vision which Hindus had lost. Pursuit of a retreating enemy was against Rajput code of honour.
The Hindu confederacy also seems to have dispersed soon after. So Mahmud didnt have to face a united Hindu host when he again invaded Chandella territory in AD1022.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
34/n He laid siege to the fort of Gwalior to start with but failed to take it after investing it for forty days and night.
f)Resistance at Somnath :
Dr. Mishra has also given a detailed account of Hindu heroism in defence of Somanath which Mahmud had attacked in AD 1026.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
35/n According to Firishta, The battle raged with great fury, victory was long doubtful. According to another Muslim account, Fifty thousand infidels were killed round about the temple. Dr. Misra comments:
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
36/n The like of this faith which inspired these fifty thousand sons of the soil to embrace death will be hard to find in the annals of any other land.
Mahmud succeeded in demolishing the sacred image, and plundering the temple treasury.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
37/n But the rallying of Hindu forces from far and near frightened him into beating a hasty retreat. He dared not return by the road he had traversed on his way to Somanath.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
38/n Gardizi writes: Param Dev, Badshah of the Hindus, stood in his way disputing his path. Mahmud decided, therefore, to leave the right road back to Ghazni from fear lest this great victory of his should turn into defeat.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
39/n He left by way of Multan and Mansurah. Many of the soldiers of Islam lost their lives in this way. The Hindu king under reference was either Chaulukya Bhimadeva I of Gujarat or Paramara Bhoja of Malwa who was known to be a sturdy champion of Hinduism.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
40/n Dr. Misra has reconstructed the military manoeuvers of this king which make an interesting study. Also the story of two guides who led the Muslim army into a desert trap at the cost of their lives.
Delhi, Punjab and Ajmer freed ๐๐ผ
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
41/n One of the worst defeats suffered by the Muslims was at the hands of Arnoraja, the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer (AD 1133-1151). The Muslim commander fled before the Chauhans. Muslim soldiers died of exhaustion and an equal number perished from thirst.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
42/nTheir bodies lay along the path of retreat &were burnt by the villagers.A Chauhan prasasti of Ajmer Museum,line15 states:The land of Ajmer,soaked with the blood of the Turushkas,looked as if it had dressed itself in a dress of deep red color to celbrt the victory of her lord.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
43/n A Hindu counter-attack was launched after Vigraharaja(AD 1153-1164)the successor to Arnoraja,conquered Delhi & Hansi from the Tomaras. His repeated victories led him to the claim of having rendered Aryavarta worthy of its name by the repeated extermination of the Mlechhas.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
44/n All territories south of the river Sutlej seem to have been freed from Muslim rule.
Now letโs read about Mohammad Ghoriโs Tormentors :
Mahmud Ghaznaviโs successful raid on Somanath, 150 years earlier, had encouraged Ghuri to imagine that Gujarat was an easy prey.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
45/n He was dreaming of reaching Somanath.Muhammad Ghuri advanced upon Gujarat in AD 1178 with a large army. Merutuรฑga writes in his Prabandha-chintรฃmaNi that the mother of young Mularaja, queen Naikidevi, the daughter of Parmardin of Goa, taking her son in her lap, led the..cont
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
46/n …Chaulukya army against the Turushkas and defeated them at Gadararaghatta near the foot of Mount Abu. Mularaja II was a minor at that time. Firishta records that the king of Gujarat advanced with an army to resist the Mohammedans and defeated them with great slaughter.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
47/n They suffered many hardships before they reached Ghazni. Muhammad Ghuri did not lead another expedition against a Hindu prince for the next 12 years.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
48/n It was only in AD 1191 that Muhammad Ghuri caused the forces of Islam to be organised and advanced against the fortress of Tabarhindah (Sirhind) and took that stronghold. This was a frontier fortress held by a Chauhan feudatory.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
48/n It was only in AD 1191 that Muhammad Ghuri caused the forces of Islam to be organised and advanced against the fortress of Tabarhindah (Sirhind) and took that stronghold. This was a frontier fortress held by a Chauhan feudatory.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
49/n Prithviraja now advanced with his own army and met Muhammad Ghuri at Tarain. Before the onslaught of the Chahmana army, the right and left flanks of the Muslim army broke down and took to flight.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
50/nThe Sultan might have fallen off his horse had not a Khalji youth recognised him & carried him out of the field of battle.The Muslim army,not seeing their leader,fled headlong from the battlefield & did not draw rein till they had reached a place considered safe from pursuit.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
51/n The Sultan was also brought there in a litter of broken spears. From there, they returned to their own dominion. The Rajputs did not press their advantage to a final conclusion. They were satisfied with Sirhind which was recovered soon after.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
52/n Dr. Misra observes: Prithviraja could have now easily consummated his victory by chasing and annihilating his routed enemy. But, instead, he allowed the defeated Muslim army to return unmolested.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
53/n This ๐๐ผis what Savarkar calls as Sadguna vikruti. These acts of chivalry ensured the Muslim invaders to win some of the subsequent battles.
Iโll elaborate thread further till n/n after sometime. As now Iโm driving back home. ๐
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
54/n 4)How Prithviraj Lost to deceit
Mahmud Ghori tried his stratagem and wrote a letter to Prithviraj :
I have marched into India at the command of my brother whose general I am. Both honour and duty bind me to exert myself to the utmost but I shall be…contd
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
55/n..glad to obtain a truce till he is informed of the situation and I have received his answer.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
56/n The Hindus fell into the trap. Firishta records The Sultan made preparations for battle and when the Rajputs had left their camp for purposes of performing ablutions, he entered the plain with his ranks marshalled.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
57/n Although the unbelievers were amazed and confounded, still in the best manner they could, they stood the fight. The battle raged upto afternoon, when the Hindus found themselves tired and exhausted. They had not eaten even a breakfast.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
58/n The fight was finished when Ghuri threw in his reserve division constituted by the flower of his army. The Rajputs were defeated, and suffered great slaughter.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
59/n THE TURKISH EMPIRE WAS TEMPORARY
Muhammad Ghuri was subsequently assassinated by the Gakkhars in 1206 AD. Aibak assumed charge. Kalinjar had been reconquered by the Chandellas, Ranthambhor had renounced vassalage to Delhi.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
60/n Gwalior had been reoccupied by the Pratihars, the Doab was up in arms under the Gahadvad prince Harishchandra, and the Katehar Rajputs had reasserted their independence beyond the Ganges. The Yadavbhatti Rajputs around Alwar had cut off the imperial road to Ajmer.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
61/n Aibak was not able to reconquer any of these areas before he died in 1210 AD. Iltutmish, succeeded in retaking Ranthambhor and Gwalior, and in widening his base around Ajmer.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
62/n But he suffered several defeats at the hands of the Guhilots of Nagda, the Chauhans of Bundi, the Paramars of Malwa, and the Chandellas of Bundelkhand. Beyond the Ganges, the Katehar Rajputs had consolidated their hold which the Sultan could not shake.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
63/n The Doab was still offering a very stiff resistance. His grip on Ajmer had also started slipping by the time he died in 1236 AD
The Sultanate suffered a steep decline during the reigns of Razia, Bahrain, Masud, and Mahmud of the Shamsi dynasty founded by Iltutmish.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
64/n Though its dissolution was prevented by Balban who wielded effective power from 1246 AD onwards. The Muslim position in Bengal was seriously threatened by Hindu Orissa.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
65/n Another Muslim invasion of Assam ended in yet another disaster in which the Muslim general lost his life and a whole Muslim army was annihilated, Hindu chieftains now started battering the Muslim garrison towns in Bihar.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
66/n Near Delhi, the Chandellas advanced up to Mathura. The Rajputs from Alwar made raids as far as Hansi, and became a terror for Muslims even in the environs of Delhi. Balbanโs successes against this rising tide of Hindu recovery were marginal.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
67/n He suffered several setbacks. The Sultanate was once more reduced to rump around Delhi when Balban died in 1289 AD.
Dr. R.C. Majumdar has summed up the situation so far in the following words:๐๐ผ
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
68/n India south of the Vindhyas was under Hindu rule in the 13th century. Even in North India during the same century, there were powerful kingdoms not yet subjected to Muslim rule, or still fighting for their independence.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
69/n Even parts of country that acknowledged the Muslim rule,there was continual defiance & heroic resistance by large or small bands of Hindus in many quarters,so that successive Muslim rulers had to send well-equipped military expeditions,again & again,against the same region.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
70/n As a matter of fact, the Muslim authority in Northern India, throughout the 13th century, was tantamount to a military occupation of a large number of important centres without any effective occupation, far less a systematic administration of the country at large.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
71/n RC Majumdar further writes:
The Khalji empire rose and fell during the brief period of twenty years (A.D 1300-1320). The empire of Muhammed bin Tughlaq broke up within a decade of his accession (A.D. 1325), and before another decade was over, the…
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
72/n …. Turkish empire passed away for ever Thus barring two every short-lived empires under the Khaljis and Muhammad bin Tughlaq there was no Turkish empire in India.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
73/n This state of things continued for nearly two centuries and a half till the Mughals established a stable and durable empire in the second half of the sixteenth century A.D
Hindu resistance did not cease. The Muslims had occupied the big cities and the fortified towns.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
74/n But they had no hold on the countryside which was seething with revolt.Mher Rajputs around Ajmer, Chaulukya ruler of Gujarat , , Bhimadeva II, the Chaulukyan king, recovered the whole of his kingdom from the invaders.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
75/n Blocked by the Senas from East Bengal, Bakhtiyar Khalji advanced into Assam. But his army was destroyed by the king of Kamarupa. He was able to escape with his own life and about a hundred followers.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
76/n But his army was slaughtered so that he fell sick due to excessive grief and died. The Muslim invasion of the Brahmaputra valley was repeated on several occasions during the next five centuries of Muslim rule over north India.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
77/n But most of these expeditions ended in disaster and Islam failed to make any inroads into the valley.
Beginning with the first Arab expedition against Thana near Bombay in A.D. 636 the Muslims only succeeded in establishing the Delhi Sultanate in AD 1206.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
78/n Though I though of finishing this thread in rush, I realised that few details mustnโt be ignored & hence read below๐๐ผ
Mohammed Ghori attempted invading Bharata from the other side of Thar deserts, domain of Maharaja of Sambhar (Shakambara) Prithviraj Chauhan.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
79/n Ghori studied Hindu warfare, advanced through Punjab and laid siege of Bathinda fort on the border of Prithvitrajaโs domains. Soon he had to face wrath of Rajputs at Tarain in Haryana where two armies battled furiously.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
80/n Fierce onslaughts of the Rajput cavalry smashed Muslim ranks & they fled leaving their Sultan Mohammed Ghori at the mercy of Prithviraj C. Fleeing Muslim General Kutub-ud-din Aibak let loose a large herd of cows chained to each other to block the path of chasing Rajput army.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
81/n With their path blocked by cows, it was impossible for Rajputs to move ahead and Muslims shrewdly made good their escape minimising their losses and preventing large number of Muslim soldiers from being captured and butchered.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
82/n When the captured Mohammed Ghori was brought before Prithviraja Chauhan incarcerated in iron chains, he pretended to be repentant seething with rage at being humiliated for having been captured by a Kafir King.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
83/n Mohammed Ghori begged for mercy and assured, he would never lift his eyes toward Bharata.
Those farcical entreaties turned credulous Prithviraja compassionate who ordered removal of chains. In his feigned gratitude Ghori addressed Prithviraja as his โbrotherโ !!
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
84/n Ignoring advice of his friend Chandra Vardai, his General Hammira and brave warrior twins Aalaa and Udal, he ordered Ghori to be released and as a token of generosity, returned his 500 horses and 20 elephants captured in the battle.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
85/n Had Mohammed Ghori not been pardoned & released,Muslim invasions would have ceased & our history would have been altogether different today.On reaching Ghor, Mohammed reneged on his promise, promptly slaughtered envoys that Privithraja had sent to accompany Mohammed to Ghor.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
86/n With utter contempt, Ghori sent their severed heads as a token of โgoodwillโ to shocked and astonished Prithviraj. Mohammed Ghori immediately started preparing for another assault on Bharata.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
87/n Going by the experience of his two defeats at the hands of Solankis and Chauhans, the wily twice beaten Mohammed decided to go by subterfuge.
Following year, Mohammed reneged on his promise, attacked Bharata once again.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
88/n Two armies gathered in the same battlefield of Tarain in 1191. Rajput army had camped near a river for their morning ablutions before the battle could be resumed next morning as was decided by both rivals.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
89/n Mohammed Ghoriโs spies had briefed him, Hindus battled from sunrise to sunset only. Throwing all commitments to winds, Muslim army attacked at 3 A.M. before dawn when Prithvirajโs soldiers had begun their morning ablutions and some were still asleep.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
90/n But they did their best to group their forces and counter-attack Muslims. The unexpected battle continued till noon, Muslims slaughtered large number of Rajputs. However Rajputs did not yield, fought bravely, slaughtered treacherous Muslims too and gained upper hand.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
91/n By midday, it appeared second battle of Tarain would also go the way the first one had gone. Mohammed saw victory slipping from his hands once again. So he resorted to another patented Muslim subterfuge of single combat, Mard-o-Mard in Persian.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
92/n With the intention to humiliate Prithviraj, Mohammed sent a word that he would call off the battle if Prithviraja fought his champion Qutub-ud-din Aibak in single combat. To save lives of his soldiers and to conclude the battle, Prithviraja agreed.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
93/n Rule in single combat was that when one combatant is either pinned down or killed, his army concedes defeat and retreats. No other combatant was allowed to participate in this combat, hence the name โ single combat.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
94/n For the insidious Mughals, no rule was valid in the battle. Prithvirajaโs sword came down heavily on Qutub who resorted to a feint, cut off one of the legs of Prithvirajaโs horse by whirling below his saddle. Prithviraja tripped and fell off his badly injured horse.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
95/n Qutub should have also dismounted and fought Prithviraja on foot. Instead, truculent Muslim soldiers jumped on Prithviraja, pinned him down, pressed on his face a dose of hashish.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
96/n They now chained drugged Prithviraja and galloped away with him before Rajputs could realize and react to this unexpected act of treachery. Captive and drugged Prithviraj was now perched on one of elephants that Prithviraj had gifted to Mohammed Ghori earlier.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
97/n Muslims spread rumour that Prithviraj was dead holding aloft his โdeadโ body to convey futility of fighting any more.When Rajputs beheld their King apparently dead with his corpse in hands of their enemy,they lost nerve & retreated to their fortified capital at Mehrauli.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
98/n Muslims retreated with the captured Prithviraj to Afghanistan.
When Prithviraj was presented in chains before Mohammed Ghori, he reminded him how he was presented before Prithviraja in chains and how honourably Prithviraj had released him.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
99/n Mohammed and his courtiers burst into derisive laughter at Prithviraja and told him, he did not understand Islam and Muslim psyche ! When Prithviraja stared at Mohammed and his courtiers, Mohammed ordered him to lower his eyes as he was now a captive.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
100/n When Prithviraja told him that Rajputโs eyes are lowered only after death,Mohammed ordered his eyes be pierced with red hot irons.He kept blinded Pritiviraja in solitary confinement & had him occasionally hauled to his court for being made fun as the โLion of Delhiโ.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
101/n During this period of humiliating captivity, Prithviraja was joined by his friend and biographer Chandra Vardai who joined his master in prison after offering himself as a prisoner to Mohammed. It was in prison plan to avenge his betrayal and humiliation was hatched.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
102/n Before an annual event of Buskhazi (wild sports that Muslims organised), Chandra Vardai told Mohammed, Prithviraja would like to display his skills in archery on the condition he would accept orders only from a King who had defeated him earlier.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
103/n Since Mohammed was the only king who had defeated him, Mohammed Ghori himself would have to order Prithviraj to shoot the arrow to which he readily agreed !
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
104/n On the designated day Prithviraja was brought to the assemblage, Mohammed ordered Prithviraja to shoot, Chandra Vardai in the following poetic stanza โChar bans, chaubis gaj, angul asta pramaan I Ete pai Sultan hai, ab mat chuko Chouhan IIโ
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
105/n (Ten measures ahead of you and twenty four feet away, is seated the Sultan. Do not miss him now, Chouhan). On hearing these words Prithviraja whirled in the direction of Mohammed and shot three arrows one after the other and wounded Mohammed fatally.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
106/n Thus Prithviraja had his justice though he lost his kingdom due to the blunder and Bharata lost sovereignty to Islamic invaders.
After dubious victories in Punjab & Bengal,Muslims turned towards Odisha where they met their match in Narasimha Deva in 1248 CE.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
107/n Odisha was then known as Utkal, synthesis of Uttama and Kala i.e. excellent period in view of resurgence of arts and sculpture.
Brave natives of Odisha had already given very tough time to Samrata Ashoka Maurya during 3rd century BCE led by King Kumar of Kalinga.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
108/n In 13th century when invaded by Tugan Khan, King Narsimha Deva decided to use subterfuge against Muslims. He conveyed his resolve to surrender even without battle as done by King Lakshman Sena of Bengal. Tugan Khan had easily conquered Bengal few years ago.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
109/n He found Bengal as an easy victory as the King fled from advancing Muslim armies and Bengal fell without a fight. Having tasted blood of victory in Bengal, Tugan Khan thought that conquest of Odisha would also be a cakewalk.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
110/n Tugan had been bragging around, he had instilled fear of death in Hindu hearts, could overrun entire country in a single campaign. However, that was not to be. King Narsimha Deva decided to invoke well-known Muslim tool of subterfuge against invaders.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
111/n He conveyed a word to Tugan that Odisha was ready to surrender without a fight which Tugan immediately accepted, asked for surrender of the city of Puri, an important holy Hindu shrine. King Narasimha Deva had his capital at Jajanagara.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
112/n Tuganโs other conditions included handing over of all weapons to Muslim invaders, embracing Islam by entire population in front of Jagannatha Temple or agreeing to pay Jazia, convert Jagannatha Temple into a Mosque as an acknowledgement of submission.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
113/n Much to the delight of Muslims, all these terms were readily accepted and Muslims advanced into the city blissfully unaware, shrewd Hindu King had laid a trap for them.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
114/n On orders of King Narasimha Deva, bustling city had been completely evacuated of pilgrims, soldiers from all over the kingdom had occupied every nook and cranny of the city, hidden inside closely built houses across welter of narrow lanes.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
115/n Once Muslims were inside the city, they had to disperse into unfamiliar narrow lanes and bylanes where they had to dismount from their horses to advance in a single file towards central square where surrender ceremony was supposed to be staged.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
116/n As planned, suddenly temple bells started ringing loudly and Hindus pounced upon Muslims. The battle lasted entire day and night pierced by shrieks of deeply wounded and dying Muslims. Entire Muslim army was slaughtered like flies / mosquitoes and hardly anyone could escape
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
117/n Muslims had not known this strategy,were trounced very badly. Odisha thus, remained a Hindu bastian for several centuries.Even today percentage of Muslims in Odisha is low as compared to Bengal where the then King had surrendered abjectly before invading Mughals.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
118/n Sun Temple was erected by King Narsimha Deva in Konark i.e. โEssence of the Cornersโ designed as a chariot to commemorate the historic victory of valiant Hindus over beastly Muslim invaders. The Temple is a marvel of astronomy, favourite discipline of study of the King.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
119/n Kings of Vijayanagar and Rajputana too, often used to invoke subterfuge to conquer invading Mughals. Vijaynagar was the first Hindu kingdom that gave up Hindu practice of not engaging with non-combatants and survived from 1331 to 1565.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
120/nWhenever Vijaynagar army overran any Bahamani town or village,they torched it to ashes.With this they instilled mortal scare deep into Muslim minds & Adilshahi & Nizamshahi Sultans begged for a treaty with Vijaynagar that would proscribe slaughter of civilians by either side
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
121/n The treaty was followed by Hindus and Muslims till Vijaynagar was finally defeated in the battle of Talikotai, then savagely destroyed by Muslims as they repudiated the treaty just as their founder had repudiated the treaty of Hudaibiya.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
122/n Muslims now indulged in brutal slaughter of all Hindus in Vijaynagar. They killed everyone they could lay their hands on and not a single person was allowed to survive in that beleaguered city. Invincible empire of Vijayanagar was reduced to ruins within six months.
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 2, 2019
The above thread of 123 tweets๐๐ผ are based on book โHeroic Hindu Resistance to Muslim Invadersโ by SR Goel. Below is the link of the book. https://t.co/YYnGX9PO7P
— Aabhas K Maldahiyar ๐ฎ๐ณ ๐ฎ๐ณ (@Aabhas24) February 4, 2019
